How the European Parliament’s Participation in International Relations Affects the Deep Tissue of the EU’s Power Structures
The European Parliament’s public refusal to consent to several international agreements gives EU citizens a voice in international relations, which, with all its flaws, draws on a source of democratic legitimation that is independent and separate from the EU Member States. … [Read more...]
The United States: Use, Non-Use, and Abuse of International Law in the U.S. Legal Order
Van Gend en Loos: The Individual as Subject and Object and the Dilemma of European Legitimacy
This essay examines, first, the reasons for the extraordinary impact and iconic status which attached to Van Gend en Loos. It argues that the explanation lies in a confluence of structural factors and not in the "direct effect" doctrine simpliciter. It then looks at the … [Read more...]
Is There a Case – Legally and Politically – For Direct Effect of WTO Obligations?
WTO law does not require its direct effect in domestic legal orders. Whilst the stances taken in these are diverse, showing that direct effect is not denied on the whole to WTO law, all the major trading members of the WTO deny it. The fact that, in a case where a WTO member does … [Read more...]
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