This paper explores the justifications for and objections to the proposed European Union ‘women on company boards’ Directive. It notes that Member State opposition to the measure had different emphases. Those new, post-socialist Member States which intervened prominently … [Read more...]

The use of Article 7 TEU against Poland and Hungary has shown that the EU is not toothless when Member States openly violate its values. Actually, to resort to this incisive action crowns a long process of equipping the EU with rule of law devices: the EU now owns an arsenal of … [Read more...]

Virtually everyone associates Costa v ENEL with the establishment of the principle of supremacy of European law, yet the story of that lawsuit is still known but to a few. What drove Flaminio Costa to sue his electricity provider over a bill of as little as £1925 (about €22 in … [Read more...]

The ‘global’ forms an increasingly regular, active and explicit part of the daily business of the EU.  The paper argues that there is a specific mismatch between the commitment to transparency on a daily level in international and external fields and practices of EU law and the … [Read more...]

The engagement of conservative, populist governments with constitutional reform and constitution-making is perceived as a significant threat to the rule of law and democracy within the European Union. Constitutionalists often assume a relation of mutual exclusion between populism … [Read more...]