The paper examines the theory of horizontal effect of fundamental rights and freedoms, known also as Drittwirkung. It introduces relevant doctrines in Germany and Poland in order to then focus on the EU theory shaped in the case law of the European Court of Justice, most notably … [Read more...]

A majority of EU countries have long considered that the right to freedom of expression precludes the criminalization of Holocaust denial per se. The full implementation of the 2008 EU Framework Decision on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means … [Read more...]

The aim of this article is to demonstrate, through close reading of the first judgment containing a substantive reasoning on the Racial Equality Directive, that in several respects the ECJ in its preliminary ruling does not provide the national court with a useful answer, as it … [Read more...]

The rise of economics as one of the main (some will advance the most important) “source” of competition law discourse is well documented. This study focuses on a facet of the integration of economic analysis in competition law: "economic transplants". The … [Read more...]

This paper analyses the present state of affairs of companies’ cross-border mobility in the EU after the ECJ’s judgment in Cartesio. This judgment is subject to an in-depth critical examination in light of the preceding case-law of the Court on companies’ … [Read more...]