This paper presents results of an empirical study of over 160 judgments in which the Polish Constitutional Court (‘PCC’) referred to foreign law. It reveals the scale of comparatist activity and draws conclusions in relation specifically to countries in transition. Because of the … [Read more...]

This paper sets out to explore the impact of multi-level decision-making on accountability machinery through a case study of asset-freezing decisions taken in response to UN resolutions ordering ‘smart sanctions’ against persons and bodies suspected of involvement in … [Read more...]

The two main reasons why democracy won the contest for the leading legitimacy claim in the modern world are its capacity to generate loyalty and its self-correction potential. In order to use these virtues, the European Commission (conceptualised as the government of the EU) … [Read more...]

This article scrutinizes the last ten years of the academic debate on EU citizenship law taking nine fundamental disagreements among scholars as staring points. It explores EU citizenship’s relationship with three groups of issues of fundamental importance, including the … [Read more...]

Article 4(2) of the Treaty on the European Union, in its novel formulation provided by the Treaty of Lisbon, requires the Union to “respect Member States’ national identities, inherent in their fundamental structures, political and constitutional, including regional … [Read more...]